परिभाषा
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic disorder of the nervous system. It isa type of tic disorders. TS is known by its motor and vocal tics. These tics are rapid, involuntary movements or sounds that occur repeatedly.
Many people with TS also have one or more of the following problems:
- Obsessions
- Compulsions and ritualistic behaviors
- Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADD or ADHD)
- Learning disabilities
- Difficulties with impulse control
- Sleep disorders
का कारण बनता है
The exact cause of TS is unknown. However, brain chemicals, called dopamine and serotonin are most likely involved.
There may be a genetic link to TS, although some have no known family history.
जोखिम कारक
Males are three to four times more likely to be affected. Other factors that may increase your risk of TS include:
- Family history of TS
- Having other tic disorders
- अनियंत्रित जुनूनी विकार
लक्षण
Tics are the main symptoms of TS. To be TS, the tics must be:
- Both motor and vocal tics
- Be present for more than one year
- Start before age 18
Tics range from mild-to-severe. They can occur suddenly and vary in the amount of time that they last. Tics may temporarily decrease with concentration or distraction. During times of stress, they may occur more often.
The tics are often increased with stress and tension. Concentration or distraction may decrease them. Tics are divided into motor and vocal. The following are some common examples:
- Motor tics
- Simple—eye blinking, head jerking, arm or shoulder shrugging
- Complex—jumping, smelling, touching things or other people, twirling around
- Vocal tics
- Simple—throat clearing, coughing, sniffing, grunting, yelping, barking
- Complex—saying words or phrases that do not make sense in a given situation, saying obscene or socially unacceptable words—called coprolalia
While tics may occur throughout life, butsymptoms may improve during later teens years.
निदान
डॉक्टर आपके लक्षणों और चिकित्सा इतिहास के बारे में पूछेंगे। एक शारीरिक परीक्षा ली जाएगी।
Your doctor may order tests to rule out other चिकित्सा दशाएं as the cause of the tics. Test may include MRI, CT scan, EEG,or blood tests.
उपचार
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Education and therapy are often parts of the treatment plan. In some cases, medicine may be needed.
शिक्षा और चिकित्सा
Learning about TS is a very important part of treatment. Education can also be helpful for your family, friends, and coworkers.
Therapy can also help you develop habits to help manage tics or other related symptoms. Types of therapy include:
- Behavior therapy can help people with TS learn to substitute their tics with other movements or sounds that are more acceptable.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy can help reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
- Psychotherapy can help people with TS and their families cope with the disorder.
In addition, relaxation, biofeedback, and exercise can reduce help to reduce stress.
दवाएं
Medication is not required in most cases. No certain medication works in all people with TS. If a doctor prescribes medication, there are usually strong side effects.
Medications that may be prescribed include:
- Antipsychotics—To help control tics
- Certain antidepressants known as selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)—To manage related obsessive-compulsive habits
- Stimulants or medication used to treat high blood pressure—To manage symtoms related to ADD and ADHD
रोकथाम
There is no known way to prevent TS.