परिभाषा
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease. COPD makes it difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. It will make breathing difficult. COPD includes:
- Emphysema—air sacs of lungs are damaged
- Chronic bronchitis—airways of lungs are damaged
The changes to lung tissue differ with the two diseases. However, they often occur together. The causes and treatment of each condition are similar.
का कारण बनता है
COPD is caused by damage to the lungs. This damage is caused by:
- सिगरेट पीना
- विषाक्त पदार्थों या अन्य जलन पैदा करने वाले पदार्थों को अंदर लेना
- Genetic predisposition that makes the lungs more vulnerable to damage from smoke or pollutants (includes alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)
जोखिम कारक
Factors that increase your chance of developing COPD include:
- सिगरेट पीना
- Long-term exposure to second-hand or passive smoke
- सीओपीडी से पीड़ित परिवार के सदस्य
- Exposure to pollutants
- बचपन में बार-बार होने वाले फेफड़ों के संक्रमण का इतिहास
- Age: 40 years or older
लक्षण
Early symptoms of COPD include:
- खाँसना
- Increased sputum production (mucus from deep in the lungs)
- घरघराहट
- गतिविधि के साथ सांस की तकलीफ
As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
- Increased shortness of breath
- Choking sensation when lying flat
- थकान
- ध्यान केंद्रित करने में परेशानी होना
- हृदय की समस्याएं
- वजन घटना
- Breathing through pursed lips
- Desire to lean forward to improve breathing
- More frequent flare-ups (periods of more severe symptoms)
निदान
आपका डॉक्टर आपके लक्षणों और चिकित्सा इतिहास के बारे में पूछेगा। एक शारीरिक परीक्षा ली जाएगी।
Your doctor will need to test how impaired your lungs are. This may be done with:
- Lung function tests (spirometry)—to test the force of your breath
- Blood test—to test oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Your doctor may also need detailed pictures of your lungs. This may be done with:
- छाती का एक्स - रे
- सीटी स्कैन
उपचार
There is no cure for COPD. Treatment aims to ease symptoms and improve quality of life.
उपचार में शामिल हैं:
Smoking Cessation
Quitting smoking slows the disease. It is the most important part of treatment. There are many programs to help you quit, including:
- Behavior change program
- दवा
- Combination of behavior program and medication
Environmental Management
Limit the number of irritants in the air you breathe. It may help make breathing easier. Avoid smoke, dust, smog, extreme heat or cold, and high altitudes.
दवा
Medication for COPD may help by:
- वायुमार्ग खोलना
- श्वास मार्गों को शिथिल करना
- सूजन कम होना
- Treating lung infections (antibiotics)
Some medication may be taken as pills or liquids. Others are inhaled medications that are delivered directly to the lungs.
टीके
The flu and pneumonia can make your symptoms worse. Get vaccinated againstpneumonia and the flu. The flu vaccine may also reduce COPD flare-ups.
ऑक्सीजन
Oxygen therapy may be helpful if the oxygen levels in your blood are too low. It can relieve trouble breathing and improve energy. You may only need it for specific activities. It could also be given throughout the day.
व्यायाम
विशेष व्यायाम छाती की मांसपेशियों को मजबूत कर सकते हैं। इससे सांस लेना आसान हो सकता है।
Regular physical activity can reduce the workload on your lungs. It helps build their endurance. Physical activity is also associated with improved quality of life. Follow your doctor’s recommendations for activity levels and restrictions.
साँस लेने और खाँसने की तकनीकें
Special methods of breathing can help bring more air into your lungs. It can also help force trapped air out of your lungs. Effective coughing techniques can help clear mucus from your lungs. Ask your doctor if these techniques can help you. Some examples include:
- Pursed-lip breathing
- नियंत्रित खाँसी तकनीक
पोषण
Eating habits to consider with COPD:
- Eat a healthy diet. It should be low in saturated fat. It should also be rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods.
- Maintain a normal weight. Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder.
- It may be hard to eat because you feel full. Try eating several smaller meals during the day. This is better than a few large meals.
- Slow down your eating pace. This will make it easier to breathe.
- If you need to gain weight, add food or drinks throughout the day. Talk to a dietitian about how many calories you need each day.
जीवन शैली में परिवर्तन
The following may help you manage COPD symptoms and avoid flare-ups:
- अपनी गतिविधियों को गति दें.
- तनाव को प्रबंधित करने के लिए विश्राम तकनीक और अन्य तरीके सीखें।
- Seek emotional support from professionals, family, and friends. Anxiety can increase the rate of respiration. This makes breathing more strenuous.
सर्जरी
A small number of patients may benefit from surgery. Surgery options include removing a part of the lung. You could also have a lung transplant.
रोकथाम
Take these steps to reduce your chance of developing COPD:
- यदि आप धूम्रपान करते हैं, तो छोड़ दें।
- सेकेंड-हैंड धुएं के संपर्क में आने से बचें।
- वायु प्रदूषण या जलन पैदा करने वाले तत्वों के संपर्क में आने से बचें।
- काम के दौरान जलन पैदा करने वाली चीजों या विषाक्त पदार्थों के संपर्क में आने पर सुरक्षात्मक गियर पहनें।