परिभाषा
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of chronic disorders that affect the ability to control movement. It appears in the first few years of life. Generally, the disorders do not worsen over time.
का कारण बनता है
CP occurs due to damage to areas of the brain that direct movement. This damage interferes with the brain’s ability to control movement and posture. CP may develop before, during, or after birth.
कारणों में शामिल हैं:
- Brain tissue that may not develop correctly during pregnancy—growing fetus may experience a lack of oxygen or nutrients
- Child sustains a head injury or brain infection
- Mother and child’s blood types are not compatible
- Mother has rubella while pregnant
- Stroke or bleeding occurs in the baby’s brain during development or after birth
- Child does not get enough oxygen during or after birth
- There are abnormalities of the umbilical cord or placenta, or the placenta separates too early from the wall of the uterus
- Child has meningitis, encephalitis, seizures, or head injury
- Child has genetic/metabolic abnormalities
जोखिम कारक
Factors that increase the risk of CP include:
- Infection or blood clotting problems during pregnancy
- Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy
- Seizures or intellectual disability in the expectant mother
- Complicated or premature delivery
- Cord prolapse
- Breech birth
- Low Apgar score—a rating of the child’s condition just after birth
- जन्म के समय कम वजन
- High birth weight
- Type 1 diabetes in the expectant mother
- समय से पहले जन्म
- Multiple births, such as twins or triplets
- छोटा सिर
- बरामदगी
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) —in part due to multiple births associated with IVF
लक्षण
Symptoms of CP vary widely. They may include difficulty with fine motor tasks like writing or using scissors difficulty maintaining balance or walking, and involuntary movements. The symptoms differ from person to person and may change over time.
CP first shows up in children aged three years or younger. Symptoms vary depending on what areas of the brain are affected. Some children may have severe disabilities. Although symptoms may change as the child grows older, the child’s condition is unlikely to worsen.
लक्षणों में शामिल हैं:
- Late to turn over, sit up, smile, or walk
- Trouble writing, buttoning a button, or other fine motor activities
- Difficulty walking or standing
- Tight, spastic muscles
- कमजोर मांसपेशियाँ
- ख़राब संतुलन
- वाणी की समस्या
- झटके
- Unintentional body movements
- निगलने में कठिनाई
- लार टपकना
Some people with CP suffer from other medical disorders as well, including:
- बरामदगी
- बौद्धिक विकलांगता
- Learning disabilities
- Vision or hearing problems
- असफलता से सफलता
- Decreased ability to feel pain or identify items by touch
- Problems with bowel and bladder control
- Breathing problems if food or water has accidentally entered the lungs
- त्वचा क्षरण
- Low bone density and fractures
निदान
Doctors diagnose CP by testing motor skills and reflexes, looking into medical history, and using a variety of specialized tests.
- You may have your brain’s electrical activity tested. This can be done with an Electroencephalogram (EEG).
- You may have pictures taken of structures inside your head. This can be done with:
- कंप्यूटेड टोमोग्राफी (सीटी) स्कैन
- चुंबकीय अनुनाद इमेजिंग (एमआरआई) स्कैन
उपचार
There is no treatment to cure CP. The brain damage cannot be corrected. Therapy aims to help the child reach his or her full potential. Children with CP grow to adulthood and may be able to work and live independently.
दवा
Drugs help control muscle spasms and seizures.
- Glycopyrrolate—to decrease drooling
- Pamidronate—to treat osteoporosis
- Medicines that may be used to treat spasticity:
- Botulinum toxin
- Baclofen
- Diazepam
- Tizanidine
सर्जरी
Certain operations may improve the ability to sit, stand, and walk.
Physical Aids
Braces and splints help keep limbs in correct alignment and prevent deformities. Positioning devices enable better posture. Walkers, special scooters, and wheelchairs make it easier to move around.
खास शिक्षा
Programs designed to meet the child’s special needs may improve learning. Some children do well attending regular schools with special services. Vocational training can help prepare young adults for jobs.
Rehabilitation Services
Speech, physical, and occupational therapies may improve the ability to speak, move, walk, and perform activities of daily living. Physical therapy helps strengthen muscles. Children can learn different ways to complete difficult tasks.
Family Services
Professional support helps a patient and family cope with CP. Counselors help parents learn how to modify behaviors. Caring for a child with CP can be stressful. Some families find support groups helpful.
Other Treatment
Therapeutic electrical stimulation might help.
रोकथाम
Several of the causes of CP that have been identified through research are preventable or treatable:
- Before getting pregnant, receive a vaccination for rubella.
- Seek out early prenatal care.
- Receive testing for blood-type problems. Get treatment if tests reveal incompatible blood types.
- Do not smoke, drink alcohol, or use drugs while pregnant.
- Put the baby in a child safety seat when in the car.
- Insist that the child wear a helmet when riding a bicycle.
- Seek help if you have, or want to, hurt the child.
- Keep poisons away from your child.
- Closely supervise bathing.
- Get your child immunized at the recommended time.
- If your baby becomes sick, call the doctor right away.