Definition
A cataract is a clouding of the eye’s lens. It leads to decreased vision. The lens of the eye focuses an image onto the retina at the back of the eye. This is where an image is processed, and then sent to the brain.
As the cataract matures, it often causes glare, decreased vision, contrast, and color sensitivity.
Causes
The lens of the eye is made of mostly water and protein. The protein is arranged in a way that keeps the lens clear so light can pass through it. A cataract forms when some of the protein clumps together and starts to cloud an area of the lens. A cataract won’t spread from one eye to the other, although most people develop cataracts in both eyes at similar times.
There are several causes of cataracts, including:
- Aging, the most common cause
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Infection
- Injury
- Exposure to radiation
- Taking adrenal cortical hormones for a long time
- Excessive exposure to sunlight
- Birth defect
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
Risk factors for cataracts include:
- Age
- Exposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation from sunlight
- Family members with cataracts
- Diabetes
- Trauma
- Smoking
Symptoms
When a cataract is in the early stages, you may not notice any changes in your vision. Cataracts tend to mature slowly. Vision gets worse gradually. Some people with a cataract find that their close-up vision suddenly improves. This is only temporary. Vision is likely to get worse as the cataract becomes cloudier. Because the decrease in vision is gradual, many people do not realize that they have a cataract until it is discovered during a routine eye examination.
Symptoms include:
- Cloudy or blurry vision
- Problems with light, including:
- Headlights that seem too bright at night
- Glare from lamps or very bright sunlight
- A halo around lights
- Colors seem faded
- Poor night vision
- Frequent changes in your eyeglass or contact lens prescription
These symptoms can also be signs of other eye problems. If you have any of these symptoms, check with your eye care professional immediately.
Diagnosis
Although you might think you have a cataract, the only way to know for sure is by having an eye examination. To detect a cataract, an eye specialist examines your lens. He or she may do other tests to learn more about the structure and health of your eye.
A comprehensive eye examination usually includes:
- Visual acuity test—An eye chart test that measures how well you see at various distances
- Pupil dilation—The pupil is widened with eyedrops to see more of the lens and retina
- Tonometry—A standard test to measure the pressure inside the eye. Increased pressure may be a sign of glaucoma.
Treatment
For an early cataract, vision may be improved by using different eyeglasses, magnifying lenses, or stronger lighting. If these measures don’t help, or if vision loss interferes with daily activities such as driving, reading, or watching TV, surgery is the only effective treatment.
Cataract surgery is almost never an emergency. Therefore, in most cases, waiting until you are ready to have cataract surgery will not harm your eye. However, your cataract will only get cloudier with time.
Cataract surgery is almost always performed in one eye at a time. After the cloudy lens is removed, the eye surgeon (ophthalmologist) places an intraocular lens (IOL) in its place. An IOL is a clear lens that requires no care and becomes a permanent part of your eye.
After cataract surgery, most people need reading glasses, and many people need glasses for distance vision. There is a relatively new option, multifocal intraocular lenses, which focus for both near and far distances in the same lens. Many patients who receive multifocal intraocular lenses see well at both a distance and nearby without glasses.
Although every surgery has risks, the majority of patients who have cataract surgery have better vision afterward.
If you are diagnosed with cataracts, follow your doctor’s instructions.
Prevention
Although there is no way to completely prevent cataracts, the following precautions may help:
- Do not smoke.
- Consume antioxidants, such as antioxidant vitamin supplements.
- Wear a hat and UV-protected sunglasses when outdoors.
It is also important to get a comprehensive eye examination regularly. Since vision problems increase with age, if you are aged 60 or older, you should have a comprehensive eye examination once a year.