সংজ্ঞা
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backward flow of urine. The urine flows from the bladder back into the kidney.
Urine normally flows from the kidneys. It passes through tubes called ureters. It then flows into the bladder. Each ureter connects to the bladder in a way that prevents urine from flowing back up the ureter. The connection is similar to a one-way valve. When this does not work properly, or if the ureters do not extend far enough into the bladder, urine may flow back up to the kidney. If the urine contains bacteria, the kidney may become infected. The back-up can also put extra pressure on the kidney. This can cause kidney damage.
This is a potentially serious condition that requires care from a doctor. Early treatment and prevention of infections can lead to better outcomes. If you suspect you have this condition, contact your doctor immediately.
কারণসমূহ
This condition may be caused by:
- A problem in the way the ureter inserts into the bladder
- A ureter that does not extend far enough into the bladder
- A bladder outlet obstruction (eg, blockage of urine flow from an enlarged prostate gland)
- A neurogenic bladder (loss of normal bladder function due to damaged nerves reaching the bladder)
- Temporary swelling after kidney transplant
ঝুঁকির কারণ
Factors that increase your chance of developing VUR include:
- পারিবারিক ইতিহাস
- Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract
- Birth defects that affect the spinal cord, such as spina bifida
- Tumors in the spinal cord or pelvis
- সুষুম্না আঘাত
লক্ষণ
In most cases, VUR has no obvious symptoms or signs. In some cases, VUR is found after a urinary tract or kidney infection is diagnosed. Symptoms of urinary tract infections include:
- ঘন ঘন এবং জরুরী প্রস্রাব করা
- Passing small amounts of urine
- Pain in the abdomen or pelvic area
- প্রস্রাবের সময় জ্বালাপোড়া
- মেঘলা, দুর্গন্ধযুক্ত প্রস্রাব
- রাতে ঘুম থেকে উঠে প্রস্রাব করার প্রয়োজন বেড়ে যায়
- প্রস্রাবে রক্ত
- লিকিং প্রস্রাব
- Low back pain or pain along the side of the ribs
- জ্বর এবং সর্দি
A prenatal ultrasound may show a swelling of the kidneys. This is calledhydronephrosis. It may indicate VUR.
রোগ নির্ণয়
আপনার ডাক্তার আপনার লক্ষণ এবং চিকিৎসা ইতিহাস সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করবে। একটি শারীরিক পরীক্ষা সম্পন্ন করা হবে। পরীক্ষা অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে:
- রক্ত পরীক্ষা
- প্রস্রাব পরীক্ষা
- আল্ট্রাসাউন্ড
- সিটি স্ক্যান
- ভয়েডিং সিস্টোরথ্রোগ্রাম (VCUG)—a liquid that can be seen on x-rays is placed in the bladder through a catheter; x-rays are taken when the bladder is filled and when urinating.
- Intravenous pyelogram—a liquid that can be seen on x-rays is injected into a vein; x-ray images are taken as the liquid travels from the blood (after being injected into a vein) into the kidneys and bladder
- Nuclear scans—a variety of tests using radioactive materials injected into a vein or the bladder to show how well the urinary system is working
In rare cases, high blood pressure may be an indication of kidney damage.
চিকিৎসা
The goal for treatment of VUR is to prevent any permanent kidney damage. Treatment options include the following:
সার্জারি
Endoscopic Injection Into the Ureter
This procedure is a minimally invasive surgery. It is done to correct the reflux. A gel is injected where the ureter inserts into the bladder. This can prevent urine from going back up the ureter. This procedure is done through a small tube called acystoscope.
Ureteral Reimplantation
This is a surgery that repositions the ureters in the bladder. This can be done in two ways. One way requires making an incision above the pubic bone and repositioning the ureters in the bladder. It can also be done laparoscopically by inserting cameras through small incisions in the abdomen and/or bladder to perform the surgery.
প্রতিরোধ
VUR cannot be prevented in most cases. However, further complications can be avoided. Seek prompt treatment for bladder or kidney infections. This is particularly important if you have a neurogenic bladder.