পেরিফেরাল স্নায়ুরোগ

কারণসমূহ

Many diseases and conditions can cause peripheral neuropathy. The damage may occur due to:

• অপুষ্টি
• Compression from repetitive stress
• ক্যান্সার
• ট্রমা
• Inflammation of nerves or blood vessels
• সংক্রমণ
• Toxins
• ওষুধ
• Hereditary syndromes
• Unknown causes

Diseases that can damage peripheral nerves include (but are not limited to):

• Diabetes — type 1 or type 2
• মদ্যপান
• এইডস
• লাইম রোগ
• রিউমাটয়েড আর্থ্রাইটিস
• Uremia from chronic kidney failure
• অটোইমিউন ব্যাধি
• হাইপোথাইরয়েডিজম
• Viral infections like hepatitis

Compression commonly occurs when nerves are pinched or trapped somewhere along their course, such as:

• Carpal tunnel syndrome —nerve in the wrist
• Sciatica —nerve roots forming the sciatic nerve in the back of the legs as they exit the spine

Toxins that can damage the peripheral nerves include:

• Lead
• Mercury
• Thallium
• Organic solvents
• Pesticides
• Carbon disulfide
• আর্সেনিক
• Acrylamide
• Diphtheria toxin
• মদ

Many medicines can lead to peripheral neuropathy. A partial list includes:

• Chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer, such as vincristine, paclitaxel, and cisplatin
• Anti-HIV medications, such as didanosine and zalcitabine
• Anti- tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid and ethambutol
• Other antimicrobial drugs such as dapsone, metronidazole , chloroquine, and chloramphenicol
• Psychiatric medications, such as lithium
• Other medications, such as amiodarone, aurothioglucose, phenytoin, thalidomide, colchicine, cimetidine, disulfiram, hydralazine, and high levels of vitamin B6

Other causes of peripheral nerve damage include:

• Vitamin deficiencies, such as thiamin, B12, and vitamin E deficiency
• আঘাত
• A tumor pressing on a nerve
• Exposure to cold or radiation
• Leprosy
• Acute or chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy
• পোরফাইরিয়া
• Paraneoplatic syndromes
• Genetic disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
• Prolonged treatment in the intensive care unit

ঝুঁকির কারণ

Factors that may increase your risk of getting peripheral neuropathy include:

• ডায়াবেটিস
• অ্যালকোহল অপব্যবহার
• Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or celiac sprue
• Family member with peripheral neuropathy
• Exposure to toxins or medications known to cause neuropathy
• Vitamin deficiency, such as thiamin and vitamin B12
• এইচআইভি সংক্রমণ
• Pressure on a nerve—may occur with repetitive stress injuries
• Hospitalization treatment in the intensive care unit

লক্ষণ

Damage to the peripheral nerves often results in sensory and motor symptoms in the:

• Arms
• পাগুলো
• Hands
• পা দুটো

Other parts of the body can also be affected. Symptoms depend on which nerves are involved. They can range from mild to severe and may seem worse at night. Sensations and pain may occur in the upper or lower limbs and move toward the trunk, such as from the feet to the calves.

উপসর্গ অন্তর্ভুক্ত:

• Numbness or reduced sensation
• Tingling
• Pain, often a burning or sharp, cutting sensation
• Sensitivity to touch
• Muscle twitches
• পেশীর দূর্বলতা
• Muscle cramping
• Difficulty with walking
• Loss of coordination or balance
• পক্ষাঘাত

If untreated, peripheral neuropathy can lead to:

• Loss of reflexes and muscle control
• Muscle atrophy—loss of muscle bulk
• পায়ের বিকৃতি
• পায়ের আলসার
• Injuries to the feet that go unnoticed and become infected
• Autonomic dysfunction—sweating, bowel and bladder dysfunction, cardiovascular effects
• শ্বাস নিতে কষ্ট হওয়া

If you have motor or sensory neuropathy, you may also have autonomic neuropathy. This is associated with symptoms such as:

• Problems regulating blood pressure
• কোষ্ঠকাঠিন্য
• ইরেক্টাইল ডিসফাংশন

রোগ নির্ণয়

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. It may include examining:

• Muscle strength
• রিফ্লেক্স
• Balance
• সমন্বয়
• Ability to feel vibration, temperature, and light touch
• Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments test—measures sensation in the feet using a fine flexible wire

Additional tests may also include:

• You may need to have tests of your bodily fluids and tissues. This can be done with:
  • Blood tests, such as glucose, vitamin B12 level, and thyroid function tests
  • Serum/urine electrophoresis
  • Genetic testing
  • Spinal tap, also called a lumbar puncture
  • Nerve or muscle biopsy —rarely
  • Nerve fiber density skin biopsy
• You may need to have your nerves and muscles tested. This can be done with:
  • Electromyography (EMG)
  • Nerve conduction studies (NCS)
• আপনার শারীরিক গঠনের ছবি তোলার প্রয়োজন হতে পারে। এটি দিয়ে করা যেতে পারে:
  • এম.আর. আই স্ক্যান
  • সিটি স্ক্যান
• Your doctor may need to evaluate other family members for this condition.

চিকিৎসা

চিকিত্সা অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে:

প্রতিরোধ

• Manage chronic medical conditions with the help of your doctor. If you have diabetes, visit a podiatrist for yearly exams.
• একটি স্বাস্থ্যকর খাবার খান যাতে কম স্যাচুরেটেড ফ্যাট থাকে এবং পুরো শস্য, ফল এবং শাকসবজি থাকে।
• Be sure to get the right amounts of thiamin and vitamin B12.
• Limit your alcohol intake to a moderate level. This means two or fewer drinks per day for men and one or fewer for women.
• Avoid:
  • Toxic chemicals
  • পুনরাবৃত্তিমূলক আন্দোলন
  • Prolonged pressure on joints, especially elbows and knees