সংজ্ঞা
Focal dystonia is an irregular movement disorder specific to one part of the body. In dystonia, muscle contractions cause irregular movements, twitches, tics, and twisted or repetitive postures. These may be continuous or off and on. The most common types of focal dystonia are:
- Blepharospasm—an eye twitch
- Cervical dystonia or spasmodic torticollis—affecting the neck
- Segmental cranial dystonia, also known as Meige syndrome—affecting the jaw, tongue and eyes
- Oromandibular dystonia—affecting the jaw
- Spasmodic dysphonia—affecting the vocal cords
- Axial dystonia—affecting the trunk
- Dystonia of the hand/arm, such as writer’s cramp
Focal dystonia can be treated. If you suspect you have this condition, contact your doctor.
কারণসমূহ
Dystonias are caused by flaws of the basal ganglia of the brain. This is where messages that begin muscle contractions are processed. Factors that may cause focal dystonia include:
- Birth injury, such as lack of oxygen
- সংক্রমণ
- Reactions to medicines
- Heavy metal poisoning
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- ট্রমা
- স্ট্রোক
- Inherited abnormalities
- ভিটামিন বি 12 এর অভাব
- Other diseases
ঝুঁকির কারণ
Factors that can increase your risk of developing focal dystonia include:
- Family history of dystonia
- Recent exposure to an antinausea or antipsychotic medicine
লক্ষণ
If you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to focal dystonia. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions:
- Eyelid spasms
- Rapid or uncontrollable blinking of both eyes
- Neck twisting
- Difficulty writing
- Foot cramps
- Pulling or dragging of a foot
- Tremor
- Voice or speech difficulties
Factors that may worsen dystonia include:
- Excitement or agitation
- মানসিক চাপ
- Talking
- ক্লান্তি
রোগ নির্ণয়
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a speech-language pathologist, physical or occupational therapists, and/or genetic counselors.
পরীক্ষা অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে:
- Your bodily fluids and tissue may need to be tested. This can be done with:
- রক্ত পরীক্ষা
- প্রস্রাব পরীক্ষা
- Genetic tests
- কটিদেশীয় খোঁচা
- biopsy
- The electrical activity of your muscles, nerves, and brain may need to be measured. This can be done with:
- ইলেক্ট্রোমায়োগ্রাফি
- স্নায়ু সঞ্চালন অধ্যয়ন
- Electroencephalography
- Pictures may need to be taken of your head. This can be done with:
- এম.আর. আই স্ক্যান
- সিটি স্ক্যান
- Transcranial ultrasound
- অন্যান্য পরীক্ষা অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে:
- Neurologic evaluation—to rule out other neurological disorders
- চোখের পরীক্ষা
চিকিৎসা
আপনার জন্য সেরা চিকিত্সা পরিকল্পনা সম্পর্কে আপনার ডাক্তারের সাথে কথা বলুন। চিকিত্সার বিকল্পগুলির মধ্যে নিম্নলিখিতগুলি অন্তর্ভুক্ত রয়েছে:
ওষুধ
Certain medicines may help correct imbalances in neurotransmitters. Medicines used to treat dystonia include:
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Benztropine
- Procyclidine HCl
- পেশী শিথিলকারী
- Levodopa and carbidopa
- Bromocriptine
Anticonvulsant medicines may also help people with dystonia. Your doctor will balance treating your symptoms with reducing the risk of side effects from the medicines.
Botulinum Toxin Injections
Injecting botulinum toxin directly into the muscles affected by dystonia can weaken the muscle. This may help improve symptoms for 3-4 months.
সার্জারি
Surgery to cut the nerves leading to muscles affected by dystonia or removing the muscles may help reduce muscle contractions. In addition, surgery to destroy the small area within the brain that dystonia occurs from may stop or reduce the disorder. More recently, some success has been reported using surgically implanted deep brain stimulation to reduce symptoms of dystonia.
প্রতিরোধ
There is no known way of preventing focal dystonia. To help reduce your chances of getting this condition, take steps to reduce your risk of infection, stroke, trauma, andcarbon monoxide or heavy metal poisoning. In addition, if you take any of the following medicines, talk with your doctor about your risk of developing dystonia as a side effect:
- Levodopa
- Bromocriptine
- অ্যান্টিসাইকোটিকস
- Metoclopramide
- Dilantin
- ক্যালসিয়াম চ্যানেল ব্লকার
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- Ergotamines
- অ্যান্টিহিস্টামাইনস