تعريف

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease. COPD makes it difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. It will make breathing difficult. COPD includes:

  • Emphysema—air sacs of lungs are damaged
  • Chronic bronchitis—airways of lungs are damaged

The changes to lung tissue differ with the two diseases. However, they often occur together. The causes and treatment of each condition are similar.

انسداد رئوي مزمن

أسباب

COPD is caused by damage to the lungs. This damage is caused by:

  • تدخين السجائر
  • استنشاق السموم أو المهيجات الأخرى
  • Genetic predisposition that makes the lungs more vulnerable to damage from smoke or pollutants (includes alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)

عوامل الخطر

Factors that increase your chance of developing COPD include:

  • تدخين السجائر
  • Long-term exposure to second-hand or passive smoke
  • أفراد الأسرة المصابون بمرض الانسداد الرئوي المزمن
  • Exposure to pollutants
  • تاريخ من التهابات الرئة المتكررة في مرحلة الطفولة
  • Age: 40 years or older

الأعراض

Early symptoms of COPD include:

  • يسعل
  • Increased sputum production (mucus from deep in the lungs)
  • الصفير
  • ضيق في التنفس مع النشاط

As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

  • Increased shortness of breath
  • Choking sensation when lying flat
  • تعب
  • صعوبة في التركيز
  • مشاكل قلبية
  • فقدان الوزن
  • Breathing through pursed lips
  • Desire to lean forward to improve breathing
  • More frequent flare-ups (periods of more severe symptoms)

التشخيص

الطبيب سوف يسأل عن الأعراض والتاريخ الطبي. الفحص السريري سيتم القيام به.

Your doctor will need to test how impaired your lungs are. This may be done with:

  • Lung function tests (spirometry)—to test the force of your breath
  • Blood test—to test oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Your doctor may also need detailed pictures of your lungs. This may be done with:

  • الأشعة السينية الصدر
  • الاشعة المقطعية

العلاج

There is no cure for COPD. Treatment aims to ease symptoms and improve quality of life.

يشمل العلاج:

الإقلاع عن التدخين

Quitting smoking slows the disease. It is the most important part of treatment. There are many programs to help you quit, including:

  • Behavior change program
  • الدواء
  • Combination of behavior program and medication

Environmental Management

Limit the number of irritants in the air you breathe. It may help make breathing easier. Avoid smoke, dust, smog, extreme heat or cold, and high altitudes.

الدواء

Medication for COPD may help by:

  • فتح الشعب الهوائية
  • استرخاء ممرات التنفس
  • تقليل الالتهاب
  • Treating lung infections (antibiotics)

Some medication may be taken as pills or liquids. Others are inhaled medications that are delivered directly to the lungs.

اللقاحات

The flu and pneumonia can make your symptoms worse. Get vaccinated againstpneumonia and the flu. The flu vaccine may also reduce COPD flare-ups.

الأكسجين

Oxygen therapy may be helpful if the oxygen levels in your blood are too low. It can relieve trouble breathing and improve energy. You may only need it for specific activities. It could also be given throughout the day.

Exercise

يمكن أن تقوي التمارين الخاصة عضلات الصدر. هذا يمكن أن يجعل التنفس أسهل.

Regular physical activity can reduce the workload on your lungs. It helps build their endurance. Physical activity is also associated with improved quality of life. Follow your doctor’s recommendations for activity levels and restrictions.

تقنيات التنفس والسعال

Special methods of breathing can help bring more air into your lungs. It can also help force trapped air out of your lungs. Effective coughing techniques can help clear mucus from your lungs. Ask your doctor if these techniques can help you. Some examples include:

  • Pursed-lip breathing
  • تقنية التحكم في السعال

تَغذِيَة

Eating habits to consider with COPD:

  • Eat a healthy diet. It should be low in saturated fat. It should also be rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods.
  • Maintain a normal weight. Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder.
  • It may be hard to eat because you feel full. Try eating several smaller meals during the day. This is better than a few large meals.
  • Slow down your eating pace. This will make it easier to breathe.
  • If you need to gain weight, add food or drinks throughout the day. Talk to a dietitian about how many calories you need each day.

تغيير نمط الحياة

The following may help you manage COPD symptoms and avoid flare-ups:

  • نظم أنشطتك.
  • تعلم تقنيات الاسترخاء وطرق أخرى لإدارة التوتر.
  • Seek emotional support from professionals, family, and friends. Anxiety can increase the rate of respiration. This makes breathing more strenuous.

جراحة

A small number of patients may benefit from surgery. Surgery options include removing a part of the lung. You could also have a lung transplant.

الوقاية

Take these steps to reduce your chance of developing COPD:

  • إذا كنت تدخن، فتوقف عن التدخين.
  • تجنب التعرض للتدخين غير المباشر.
  • تجنب التعرض لتلوث الهواء أو المهيجات.
  • ارتد ملابس واقية إذا تعرضت للمهيجات أو السموم في العمل.
انتقل إلى أعلى